The Drinking Age

The base legitimate drinking age is 21 years. Every year a huge number of understudies move on from secondary school and in festivity, they hold local gatherings which incorporate liquor utilization. The greater part of these secondary school leavers are younger than 21. During this period, there are consistently various discussions coming up about whether to bring down the lawful drinking age or not, nonetheless while this is going on, adolescents under 21 become gorge consumers (Seaman, 2006).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Drinking Age explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a large portion of them are under the liquor purchasing age, they utilize unlawful methods like faking recognizable proof to be permitted to purchase mixed beverages. The administration is burning through a large number of dollars in a crusade to keep up to keep up the MLDA of 21. The administration considers multi year old young people as youthful and that they ca n't settle on the correct choices. Legitimate age of 18 How can the administration consider multi year olds not develop to settle on choices but then at this age they are viewed as grown-ups? The very meaning of a grown-up is that one has accomplished an adult age, which is 18. The catchphrase here is developed, along these lines to conflict with this and state multi year olds are not experienced to settle on educated decisions on liquor utilization, is conflicting with the law. The legitimate age makes an individual autonomous, the young people who have accomplished this age are permitted to move out of their parents’ houses, land positions and even get hitched and have their own kids. Abridging liquor utilization at this age conflicts with the central privileges of the youthful grown-ups. Military drafting and casting a ballot It is amusing to the point that the administration considers multi year olds grown-ups, when the circumstances take a shot at their kindness, but the n restrict a similar youthful grown-ups with regards to liquor. This is a twofold standard utilized by government. On the off chance that these youthful grown-ups are not permitted to devour liquor by uprightness of their age, at that point they ought to likewise not be permitted to be drafted in to the military. In any case, multi year olds are viewed as grown-ups who can cast a ballot, join the military, hold open workplaces, be attempted as grown-ups; they can hold employments and are relied upon to cover charges. In this sense they are much the same as some other grown-ups in the general public. On the off chance that they are sufficiently adult to settle on the choices to join the military and do battle and even kick the bucket for their nation, at that point they ought to likewise be permitted to devour liquor. When government officials need to get to office or look for re-appointment, they don't victimize who votes in favor of, all votes are the equivalent to them.Advertising Looking for article on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An enormous number of the voters passing by the ongoing democratic pattern appear to be the youthful grown-ups who have quite recently achieved the legitimate age to cast a ballot. They are eager and prepared to practice their privileges. In the event that the government officials anticipate that them should settle on the correct decisions with regards to casting a ballot, at that point they are grown-up enough to take liquor (Wechsler, 2002). End There is no avocation in contending that the multi year olds are less lenient than multi year olds. Sometimes, the circumstances are opposite. Not every one of the multi year olds are juvenile; a large portion of them have created mental and scientific character. Forbidding them from lawfully purchasing and expending liquor will just advance defiance and wrongdoings identified with liquor, such as driving affecte d by liquor. References Seaman, B. (2006). Gorge: What your understudy won’t let you know. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons ltd. Wechsler, H. (2002). Kicking the bucket to drink: Confronting hard-core boozing in school grounds. New York: St. Martin’s Press. This exposition on The Drinking Age was composed and presented by client Carson H. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Diary - Essay Example Around the same time I began to investigate McGraw Hill Publishing which I ought to have started a lot before for the subtleties of my business class. I was attempting to discover the meaning of adoration. Different fascinating inquiries were upsetting me. I was imagining that when anyone is in contact with somebody for a long while then whether he/she would be infatuated with that individual. On September 16, I went to visit the grave of my mom joined by my sibling. Subsequent to coming to there we found that the doors were shut. I questioned whether we would achieve anything by imploring from the entryways of grave as opposed to doing it from the grave. After that we ate together. We made some great memories together after a long while. On that day my dad had a battle with my progression mother and indeed the issue of battling was my sibling. I figure my sibling ought to overlook her (my progression mother) in the event that he can not have share solid relationship with her. On September 19, I was unable to get up ahead of schedule and therefore I missed the petitions. I was vexed in light of the fact that the petition happens once every year and I missed it on account of my lethargy. I understood that next time I have to get up promptly toward the beginning of the day so I can accomplish it in time. September 19 was a pleasant occasion, in light of the fact that my sister and her better half went to our place and went through the day with us. It was quite exhausting to remain ordinarily at an unfilled house just with my folks. On that day a fascinating inquiry came in my psyche. I solicited myself whether the idea from discarding all transgressions into a fish bowl truly bode well or not. The most recent day started with the visit to the temple. On this day, my brother by marriage got the opportunity to see an unordinary sight. It was about the murdering of fish in the temple. He was not happy with the sight. We didn't have such sentiments as we had gotten very accustomed to it. It was a moving occasion for me. I learnt

What If Extended Essay Topics Are Similar to a Classmates? Its Not a Catch 22

What If Extended Essay Topics Are Similar to a Classmate's? It's Not a Catch 22If you find yourself in the same position as I did at the beginning of this semester, you may be wondering what you should write on and what you should avoid. Common sense says you should write about an area of interest for you, but in reality, this isn't always easy to do.I found myself stuck writing about the same topics as my classmates, or sharing information that was very similar to theirs because the common ground wasn't really shared. In other words, I wasn't tapping into a student's unique perspective and abilities.For example, we all learned English at the same school, and in that type of environment, the common ground in terms of essay topics is pretty much the same. So you may think that you should write about a topic that is likely to be popular with students. But, keep in mind that when you look for students to write essays with, their interests are going to vary, which means they are going t o offer opinions about subjects and topics that might not be typical.For example, if you have a professor who discusses various philosophies of life, how do you know that he or she isn't drawing inspiration from a book you read earlier in the semester or is simply in agreement with you? Or, if you were in a class together and your professor shares some of your beliefs, don't you want to find out why they shared the same thoughts? It doesn't make sense to assume that what you know is shared by other students, especially when it isn't.So, even though you might want to write about topics that are related to your common ground in the discussion you've had recently, do the research and find out more about the person you're writing about. Not only can you find out whether or not he or she is similar to you, but you can also find out if he or she is in the same group or department. This could help you narrow down your writing choices because you'll have a better idea of what to write about .Sometimes the material you come up with may be quite similar to a topic your classmate wrote about, but that doesn't mean the topic has no relevance to you. All you need to do is check to see if your classmate talked about similar topics with the class he or she took. Or, you can use this as a jumping off point and write about topics you learned in class and related to the ones you are writing about.While you learn in class, remember that it's likely that you have a wealth of knowledge about certain topics that you hadn't thought about before, or that you're just learning them for the first time. If this is the case, your classmates will appreciate your insight and ask you questions about your conclusions. And, if they ask you for help, take the time to give it and answer the questions that you can.What if Extended Essay Topics Is Similar to a Classmate's? - Don't Overdo It- How many times have you had to write an essay for a class you learned in and you find yourself with a simila r topic to another student's? You may find yourself reading past each other's work to find similarities, and it's possible that your writing style is so similar that you can't avoid drawing parallels.

Advertisement For The New Bk Super Seven Incher - 865 Words

The photo that I chose for the assignment is an advertisement for the new BK SUPER SEVEN INCHER. The photo depicts a woman who’s emotion appears to be shocked. They show the woman’s mouth wide open with the burger directly across from it as though she s looking at it with awe. The advertisement is meant to be portray a sexual message being as though the burger represents the male figure. The fast food restaurant uses words to describe their burger in a sexual way by using persuasive words such as â€Å"long†, and â€Å"juicy†. The advertisement also uses a catchy phrase â€Å" It’ll blow your mind away†, to go along with their sexual innuendo. They also use an attractive woman in the photo to catch the attention of men. The message they intended to send what that eating this burger would almost be equivalent to oral sex between man and a woman. Aside from the advertisement having photos and a message with a double message, the company uses descriptive words meant to appeal to your senses. In the bottom corner of the image they describe the burger as being â€Å"Something long juicy and flame-grilled†. They include another photo of the burger in the bottom corner of the advertisement after listing the main ingredients, and also stating â€Å"Yearn for more after tasting the mind blowing burger†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The fast food restaurant includes two photos of what they claim the burger looks like; a perfect bun with all of the ingredients placed perfectly together. They show an unreal idea of the burger withShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Advertising1149 Words   |  5 Pageslurching subconscious drives† (28). In an outstanding advertisement, while trying to sell the goods the advertiser also draws full outlines in the consumers mind, because it’s a part of the technique of psychological manipulation used to hook up the product to the appeals. Let’s begin with sex appeal, In order to sell a specific product the use of sex can be strongly subtle to remarkably explicit. There is no lack of faith that advertisements with sex connotation have proven to be absolutely effectiveRead MoreDoes Sex Actually Sell?1229 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom being nurturing figures to sex symbols in advertisements. In 1977, Jet and Ebony featured a McDonald’s advertisement in their magazines. Ebony is monthly magazine, while Jet is a weekly magazine, but they both focus on the black community. Ebony is one of the oldest and most successful African American magazines. Typically, women from the middle class to the wealthy read the magazines. The magazines feature trends, advice, entertainment and news on black life in America. In 1977, McDonald’sRead MoreFemale Discrimination in the Mass Media1719 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is one the most proficient ways to advertise new or improved products. Catchy jingles, bold font, and abstract pictures are amongst the various ways to grasp the audience’s attention. These characteristics grab the attention of individuals and persuade them to buy whatever it is a company is selling. The key factor is the product may not even be physically seen within the advertisement. For instance, a commercial will not show the actual product until the very end when the companyRead MoreBurger King Super Seven Incher Advertisement in Singapore Essay examples1077 Words   |  5 PagesBurger King ‘Super Seven Incher’ – 2009 With the ever growing and competitive world, there is often a need to stand out; both individually and as a company. Hence, advertising budgets have been on a rise. Considering the growing access to media and the soaring number of children that now have access to information, advertising has come under increasing scrutiny. Back in June 2009, Burger King released a print advertisement in Singapore in promotion of a limited edition sandwich. What seems toRead MoreBurger King s Advertisement As A Blonde Woman With Her Mouth Open Towards A Burger1028 Words   |  5 PagesBurger King published a print advertisement in Singapore, suggestively depicting a blonde woman with her mouth open towards a burger. Under the picture, a marketing statement proclaimed that the new seven-inch burger would â€Å"Blow Your Mind Away†. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the advertisement received a negative public response because of the implied sexual content. Accordingly, it was swiftly dropped by Burger King. In this paper, I will analyze various elements of the advertisement, such as the communicationRead MoreAdvertising Of Armour s New Briefs Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesnoticing in today’s society. The first advertisement I found was the â€Å"For the Benefit of Mankind†, Under Armour Ad. At first glance we see a very masculine male, with a chiseled body modeling his Under Armour briefs. But, if we take a closer look into the background we see a young, and beautiful woman loosely wrapped in a sexy gown. The setting of the advertisement looks like an expensive bachelor pad. The purpose of this picture is to advertise Under Armour’s new briefs, by making them look appealing

The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning Essay - 6336 Words

The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning In the year that has elapsed since the announcement of Dollys birth, there has been much discussion of the ethical implications of cloning humans. Although the simple use of the word clone may have negative connotations, many people have resigned themselves to the idea of cloning cows that produce more milk or using a cloned mouse for use in controlled experimentation. However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. Several authors have attempted to outline some of the ethical objections to cloning while at the same time minimizing the role religion plays in this debate. The objections posed by†¦show more content†¦A second argument for cloning starts with the idea of reproductive rights. This liberal view holds that every individual is entitled to the right to have a child as long as the child born is unharmed. Some philosophers point out that when talking about rights it is necessary to discern from whom these rights should come. This question is difficult to answer because it either assumes natural, God-given rights or requires that the state ensure the right to reproduce or both. A third view says that cloning will provide for the possibility of improvement by giving birth to children who are free of birth defects, because when any two people create a child through sex there is the possibility for genetic defects. However, since clones are the exact replicas of someone already alive, their genetic dispositions will have already surfaced. Kass response is these three contexts are that they are all too passive. They ignore the value of the process of bringing forth new life and look at the question in terms of results and rights. He claims that we should look at this question from the anthropologic perspective that the meaning behind the process of having a child is whats important. With many of the reproductive biotechnologies now accepted by a large portion of society, we tend to forget that there is only oneShow MoreRelatedPersonhood: the Central Question in Medical Ethics1219 Words   |  5 Pagescentral debate in the ethics of medicine: What constitutes a person? Does the level of brain activity characterize an individual as a person? Is a persons body simply â€Å"on loan from the biomass†? The answers to these questions determine the outcome of every medical decision from Abortion to Euthanasia. An analysis of the main arguments arising in these controversial issues will serve to illustrate this po int. The idea of personhood is readily apparent in the ethical debate concerning AbortionRead More Embryonic Wars Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesto clarify and summarise the controversial debate concerning the ethical decency of embryonic cloning for therapeutic purposes. This is the form of cloning that is supposedly beneficial to a barrage of medical applications. We will identify the key opposing ethical perspectives such as those of the justification of embryonic research based on the normative theory of consequentialism. This paper will also probe into the relatively brief history of the debate while gauging the particular stumbling blocksRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cloning872 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many arguments against cloning. Leon R. Kass bases his argument on repugnance in his article The Wisdom of Repugnance. He is a well-known physician, educator and scientist. Kass perceives cloning as offensive, grotesque revolting, repulsive and wrong. To establish his argume nt he states, â€Å"Most people recoil from the prospect of mass production or human being, with large clones of look-alikes, compromised in their individuality.†1 His rationale is cloning is unnatural, because it is asexualRead More The Reality of Cloning Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagescreates an ethical challenge. Ethicists pictured images of baby farming and of clones cannibalized for spare parts. Protesters chanted on the streets to immediately ban human-embryo cloning. The cover of Newsweek had images of babies in beakers, and the debate concerning test tube babies resurfaced. LOsservatore Romano from Vatican city stated these procedures could lead humanity down a tunnel of madness. And many other groups and individuals expressed their horror of cloning humans. ProfessorRead MoreEssay on Cloning Informative Speech1597 Words   |  7 PagesCloning and Stem Cell Research S/P: To inform my audience about cloning and cell stem research. C/I: The benefits and ethical issues of cloning and cell stem research. Introduction Specific purpose: Today I’m going to inform you about â€Å"Cloning Technology and Stem Cell Research†. Attention getter: Imagine yourself dying from heart disease or liver failure, and the only way to live was to have an exact clone of your heartRead MoreBiomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sale of Organs4459 Words   |  18 Pages Biomedical Ethics: Cloning and Sales of Organs To Sell or Not to Sell, that is the Question Table of Contents ITEM PAGE # Introduction 3 I. The Initial Horror 3 II. What is Cloning? 3 III. Bioethics 4 IV. Immanuel Kant 5 V. President’s Council on Bioethics (2002) 5 VI. Utilitarian Viewpoint 7 VII. The Debate on the Sale of Organs 8 VIII. Human Rights 12 IX. Justice Approach to Ethics 13 X. DistributiveRead MoreThe Use of Cloning Technologies Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Cloning Technologies The ethical debate concerning cloning that has inevitably followed since the announcement and much celebrated birth of Dolly the Sheep in 1997, is highly charged and emotive. When human cloning is mentioned it normally has negative connotations with the individual conjuring up a mental picture of a sub-human creature with an almost Frankenstein like appearance. Many people are afraid of the idea because it is a new technology and relativelyRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning 1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreGenetic Engineering : The Field Of Human Biotechnology1490 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual s quality of life and cure genetic diseases. An example of its process is cloning. Cloning can be defined as the process of creating a genetically identical copy of an organism. There are three types of cloning: therapeutic cloning (cell cloning), Molecular cloning and Reproductive cloning (Organism cloning). More emphasis will be made on therapeutic and reproductive cloning. In reproductive cloning, the cells of a co mplete organism are modified to create a replicate of the original individual

Trumans Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb - 2142 Words

history 138w-38 | Why did Truman use the atomic bomb against Japan? What did his decision say about priorities of American foreign policy? | Truman decision and reasons behind deployment of the atomic bomb | | Min Yong Jung | 11/2/2010 | | Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, deployed the atomic bomb on Japan to ensure the end of the Pacific War with minimal US casualties. Upon rejection of the Potsdam Declaration and calls for unconditional surrender by the Japanese, the US in direct retaliation deployed the atomic weapon ‘Little Boy’ on the city of Hiroshima in August 6, 1945 and continued by bombing Nagasaki with ‘Fat Man’ on August 9th. The Allies had concluded the European front by capturing Berlin and†¦show more content†¦Japan with its long standing history of the Bushido code, emphasized the need for loyalty from its subjects. The Bushido code and determination of the Japanese leadership ensured the fact that an invasion into the mainland of Japan would provide high number of casualties for US troops and additionally â€Å"more exposure to an enemy that did not fear death which would bring about more results like the Indianapolis† on July 29th 1945, where the delivery of a Japanese torpedo resulted in the ship losing â€Å"880 of its crew of 1,196.† Thus the deployment of the two atomic bombs were not only necessary in that they would ensure the safety of US troops but it would also provide a shock factor to both the people and government of Japan. Air raid sirens had been turned off in Hiroshima, due to the fact that there were only several planes in the air. If one bomb and one plane could neutralize a city, there was little for the Japanese to do in defense against such a destructive weapon. Proponents of the argument that Truman was immoral in using the atomic bomb, constantly argue that the Japanese were depleted in their will and ability to wage war and were actively seeking chances to ending the war by means of diplomatic measures through peace feelers in the Soviet Union. The argument is one of those what if’s in history that can never be concludedShow MoreRelatedHarry Trumans Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb1314 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent was Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? A. Plan of Investigation Research Question: To what extent was Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki justified? This investigation assesses President Harry Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It will determine whether or not his decision was justified. This investigation will scrutinize the reasons that made Harry TrumanRead MoreEssay Pres, Truman Atomic Bomb Decision1421 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Trumans Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki During World War II the war in Europe ended after the unconditional German surrender at General Eisenhowers Headquarters in Reims, France, May 7, 1945. After the unconditional German surrender in Europe the war shifted to Asia and the Pacific. As the war continued against Japan the Allied forces captured islands such as Iwo Jima and Okinaawa close to Japan brought the Japanese homeland within range of naval and airRead MoreWas President Truman Responsible for the Cold War? Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesthe end of World War II, after the death of President Franklin Roosevelt. Almost immediately after becoming president, Truman learned of the Manhattan Project, and had to decide whether or not to use the atomic bomb. With the advice of James Byrnes, Secretary of State, Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs on Japan, in part to demonstrate America’s power to the world and gain a political advantage in Europe (Offner 294). After World War II ended, there were negotiations abo ut Germany, and it wasRead MoreWhy Harry Truman Dropped the Bomb on Hiroshima, and the Consequences for Humanity1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States, led by Harry Truman, decided to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, forever changing warfare. This paper will be dedicated to why Harry Truman decided to use the atomic bomb on Japan and the effects that this decision had on humanity afterward. The creation of the atomic bomb, and subsequently the Manhattan Project, was created in response to the belief that the German Government was in the process of creating atomic weapons. This belief was expressed to President RooseveltRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Trumans Use of the Atomic Bombs1007 Words   |  5 Pages On August 7, 1945 the headline of the front page of the New York Times read: First Atomic Bomb Dropped on Japan; Missile is Equal to 20,000 Tons of TNT: Truman Warns Foe of a â€Å"Rain of Ruin.†1 Now the debate between historians on the question of whether Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb was correct or not had begun. There are critics and historians who say that Japan was already beat and that the war could have ended by negotiations. In their opinions because Germany had surrendered, theRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was the quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, kne w about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Japans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controversial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1460 Words   |  6 Pagesworld’s Nuclear Age, left an indelible mark on the course of U.S. Foreign Policy. Truman’s decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan in August 1945, while seemingly uncontroversial among his advisors at the time, almost immediately landed at the center of one of history’s most provocative debates. Revisionist theorists challenge the so-called government-propagated ‘myth of the bomb,’ which paints the atomic bomb as the only alternative to a prolonged and bloody invasion of the Japanese homelandRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagas aki982 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima, it only makes me wonder what was going through the mind of President Harry Truman when he gave the â€Å"green light† to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It has been more than 70 years since that happened and the conclusion of World War II, and yet the legacy remains in our modern day history books and class lectures. But was deploying the atomic bombs on Japan really necessary? What was Truman thinking? And did the end really justify the means? Truly, upon reading Takaki’s HiroshimaRead More Trumans Decision to use the atomic mom1507 Words   |  7 Pages Truman’s decision to use atomic weapons has long been a controversial subject throughout the decades after he used it. Many scholars and people who surrounded the president at the time published memoirs and books about the decision to use the weapon. As years went, more works of writing and information were released which added more information to the vas t knowledge we have of the decision to drop the bomb and of what the Japanese faced after the event took place. J. Samuel Walker wrote a book called

Project Airbus free essay sample

The Airbus A380 project is one of the most complex projects to ever happen. An aircraft of such large size and complexity would always have problems. Although problems are always anticipated during such a large project, the management involved with this project mismanaged many aspects. The project’s success can be examined using many project management aspects. This report will analyse in particular the areas of project scheduling, stakeholder management and project leadership within the A380 project. The project will also be assessed against project success methods to analyse its problems and lack of success. Prior to the release of the A380, it was hailed as an unparalleled symbol of European manufacturing prowess: â€Å"When it takes to the skies, it will carry the colours of our Continent, and our technological ambitions, to even greater heights† (Clark, 2006). This statement by the French president at the time masked the issues plaguing the A380 project. The A380 project suffered many setbacks, many caused by poor project management or mismanagement. It will be seen that inflexible project scheduling, mismanagement of stakeholders and disingenuous project leaders all impacted harshly on the success of the project. The outcomes of the budgeting, performance, scheduling and client performance paint the project in an unflattering light. However, this report will show that despite the many problems involved which included delays and over budgeting, this aircraft has the potential, and is likely to become a significant aviation achievement. Table of Contents Cover PagePage 1 Executive SummaryPage 2 1. 0 IntroductionPage 4 1. BackgroundPage 5 2. 0 Project SchedulingPage 6 2. 1 Duration EstimationPage 6 3. 0 Risk ManagementPage 7 4. 0 Stakeholder managementPage 8 4. 1ClientsPage 8 4. 2 Suppliers Page 9 4. 3 CompetitorsPage 9 5. 0 Project LeadershipPage 10 6. 0 Project SuccessPage 11 6. 1 BudgetPage 11 6. 2 Client AcceptancePage 11 6. 3 SchedulePage 11 6. 4 PerformancePage 12 ConclusionPage 13 Reference ListPage 14 1. 0 Introduction Proj ects are unique, one-time processes that are created to carry out specific goals and objectives. They are important in aviation because of the complex nature of the industry. Aircraft manufacturer Airbus SAS has endeavoured to complete many aircraft designs and production throughout its history. Many of these projects have been a direct result of the competition with Boeing aircraft. Airbus has often committed its resources into aircraft manufacturing projects which in the past have been considered as successes. Although many of those projects have been deemed successful, some have faced difficulties. A mega-project that can be judged problematic is the development and manufacturing of the Airbus A380. Although the A380 is undoubtedly considered to be one of the most technologically advanced commercial airliners in the world. It is often thought of as a substantial feat of engineering and ingenuity. Despite this, many poor decisions within the project management resulted in the unsuccessful rollout of the plane. Project-related problems were not addressed correctly and factors such as poor project scheduling, stakeholder management, leadership and lace of risk management have caused the failure of many aspects of the project. This paper analyses the aspects of the A380 project that caused its difficulties, and offers recommendations on how these factors could have been executed differently for greater success will also be identified. 1. 1 Background Responding to airline preferences for a fuel-efficient, ultra-high-capacity airliner, Airbus announced the Airbus A380 in December of 2000 (Casino in the Sky, 2000). The â‚ ¬8. 8 billion project to launch the aircraft attracted fifty firm orders from six customers which were needed in order to make the project economically viable (Pae, 2000). Airbus claimed that the A380 would become the world’s largest passenger aircraft, ‘a superjumbo jet that will hold 555 passengers and come with bars and casinos’ (Casino in the Sky, 2000). Although the announcement for the A380 came in 2000, project selection into an ultra-high-capacity airliner began in the late 1980s, where a small group of advanced Airbus engineers began work in secret on the development of a plane, an aircraft that would break the market dominance that Boeing had enjoyed in prior decades, especially in the large-aircraft market (Norris, 2005). The first public indication that the project was failing was the announcement made by Airbus when company executives made their initial admission of ‘manufacturing troubles’ and stated its first delay of the project, at a cost of six months to the delivery schedule (Clark, 2006). Although the failures included in the A380 have been attributed to delivery delays, underlying problems with project management must also carry some blame. 2. 0 Project Scheduling Project scheduling demonstrates the conversion of project goals into an achievable methodology for their completion, and for project success. This topic encompasses various aspects such as; Networks, Critical Path, Lagging, Crashing and Duration Estimation, which is the next matter under discussion (Pinto, 2013). 2. 1 Duration Estimation Duration estimation is the estimate of the time required to complete activities. It is the core of time management in projects and must be calculated with precision for it to be successful. In relation to the A380 project, poor duration estimation was a big element in the project’s delivery delays. In 2006, co-president of the European workers’ committee at Airbus, Jean-Francois Knepper, told journalists Normally you need four to five years from the time you announce the launch of a new plane until delivery (Clark, 2006). This statement could possibly be true as the A380 was announced in late 2000, and estimated delivery into service in early 2006, a time period of just over six years. However, this time frame is relatively small for such a complex airliner with 100,000 different wires, which is 40,000 more than the A340, totalling 530 kilometres in length and a fuel system that is said to be ‘three to four times more complex than that of the A340’ according to Christopher Slack, Analysis Expert within Airbus Fuel Systems (Mathswork, 2013; Clark, 2006). For such a complex, new innovative airliner, more time had to be given to complete assembly and deliveries. This is backed up by a representative of the French workers union, Force Ouvriere, who stated that â€Å"Airbus had never built a plane of this complexity before, and yet managers did not take the precaution of building more flexibility into the delivery schedule. (Clark, 2006). An overambitious production timetable for a record breaking superjumbo airliner was not a good idea in terms of external stakeholder management. Airbus used experience-driven estimation in a poor manner, as the previous projects completed by them were not as complex. A recommendation for Airbus would have been to apply contingencies to these estimations for a more realistic delivery time frame. Another reason why this project has had less success than expected was the poor risk management associated. 3. 0 Risk Management The risk management process is the identification, analysis, planning and monitoring of risks which, when correctly applied, minimises the effect of issues during the project. Companies undergoing projects must use this process in order to successfully mitigate possible consequences from hazards. In the A380 project, many risks can be identified but not all were monitored and mitigated against. One such example is the computer software used to design the aircraft components. Since the 1990s, Airbus sites in France have used a three-dimensional computer modelling program called Catia and Circe. As this program was used successfully on the A340 project, Airbus officials wanted to use the same software on the A380 project. Despite this, trying to persuade the Hamburg design shops to adopt this French software was to no avail as the German engineers preferred working with the American designed software named Computervision. The American version was created in 1980s and was only capable of two-dimensional designs (Clark, 2006). It was clear in 2004 when Airbus was assembling its first A380 that the out-dated software was creating problems. Engineers in Hamburg were falling behind schedule and could only supply a fraction of what was needed, also leading to incompatible wiring being produced. The risk in this case was that two different providers were using different technology. The A380 project should have followed the practices of previous successful projects such as the A340, where only one software system was provided, Catia and Circe (Clark, 2006). Better risk identification via the use of past projects would have helped. The idea to use different technologies for different parts of the aircraft and then having to assemble them was a risk to which Airbus did not properly apply risk management, and the consequences were significant. Although changing to the newer software would have been costly and time consuming, it would have been a better decision as this would have mitigated the risk and fewer delays would have occurred (Clark, 2006). Had appropriate risk management been applied in the A380 project, these issues would have been identified at the planning, where there would have been time to implement a mitigation strategy. 4. 0 Stakeholder Management Stakeholders are ‘individuals or groups who have an active stake in the project and can potentially impact either positively or negatively, its development’. (Pinto, 2013, pp. 58). In project management, managers must respond to the concerns of the stakeholders even though it might offend or anger a separate stakeholder who has an entirely different agenda. Project managers must find the correct balance and satisfy and manage the high-powered, high interest stakeholders, as shown in the power/interest grid below. Amongst the set of external project stakeholders that the A380 project manager had to consider were the all airlines that ordered the plane, the part suppliers and their main competitor Boeing. Image A: The stakeholder power/interest grid. 4. 1 Clients The main consideration for clients, that is, airlines purchasing the product, is when the products is received, as the longer the project implementation, the longer the money invested sits without generating returns (Pinto, 2013). In relation to the A380 project, a prime example of stakeholder management was the ‘A380 Reveal’ of the first completed A380 in Toulouse, France, on the 18th of January 2005. Even though Airbus was aware of the looming delivery delays of the A380 to the clients, French president Jacques Chirac took an ambassador’s role claiming that the A380 â€Å"will carry the colours of our continent, and our technological ambitions, to even greater heights† (Clark, 2006). Even though Chirac wasn’t officially a project member, this attempt to mask the crisis that was unfolding behind the scenes is a great example of managing stakeholders. Despite this great attempt to satisfy client by using such colourful wording in describing the A380, delays were endemic and the announcement of the delay was imminent. Airbus did not acknowledge the problems until six months after Chirac’s speech on June 1, 2005, was the first public acknowledgment of manufacturing troubles and the announcement of a six month delay in the delivery schedule (Clark, 2006). Just over a year later, Airbus announced its second delay of another six to seven months due to ‘production ramp-up issues’, delays which cost Airbus â‚ ¬4. 8 billion over the next four years. To keep their clients satisfied and to keep their orders with Airbus, discounted deals for the A380 for Qantas were certain as they increased their order from 12 to 20 (A380 Delays, 2006). Chirac’s statements were a noble attempt to appease stakeholders, but they could only divert attention from the A380 issues for so long. 4. 2 Suppliers Suppliers are groups that provide material or resources that are needed by the project team in order for completion (Pinto, 2013). As mentioned previously, the main reason for the delays was associated with a communications breakdown between two factories manufacturing the A380, leading to incompatible wiring being made. Most of the wiring had to be removed and new wiring fitted, creating lengthy delays. Applying appropriate project stakeholder management and paying more attention to communications may have avoided such lengthy delays. Supply chain management is a type of stakeholder management that must be effectively managed for project success. The project manager should have ensured that the supplier in Hamburg was using the same software and was producing the correct wiring for the A380. 4. 3 Competitors Competitors are directly affected by the successful execution of a project (Pinto, 2013). The postponement of delivery to airlines was a blessing for Boeing. Some orders for the A380 were cancelled or deferred and many of the airliners turned to Boeing’s 747-800 instead (A380 Delays, 2006). In 2007, Airbus described the status of its A380 freighter version as ‘interrupted’, after diverting employees from the freighter program to work on the passenger version of the aircraft (Shannon, 2007). Having 27 orders for the freighter, this was welcome news for Boeing. Cargo operators FedEx cancelled their order for 20 A380-F and instead placed 15 firm orders for the Boeing 777 freighter with an option for 15 more (Roberts, 2006). To add to this, with Boeing’s announcement of the production of the 787 Dreamliner, Airbus diverted more resources to its future A350 design, rather than focusing wholly on the A380 project. Project managers need to find a balance in satisfying all stakeholders (Pinto, 2013). The management of stakeholders can therefore prove fatal to a project if not carried out correctly. Stakeholder prioritisation must be continually re-evaluated throughout any project, and this was done to a certain extent in the A380 project, however, the skills left a lot to be desired. 5. 0 Leadership Leadership is a vital aspect of any project, strong leadership and its continuity help deliver a project and make it successful. Unfortunately, the A380 project faced a number of issues with regards to its leaders, which had a devastating effect on the project. Most importantly, the project lacked continuity of leadership – project managers and advisors were constantly resigning or being demoted and moved around. Airbus chief Gustav Humbert and Noel Forgeard, joint CEO of Airbus parent EADS, were ousted only weeks after their initial appointment (Frost, 2006). Soon after in September of 2006, Mario Heinen replaced Charles Champion as project manager, who stepped down from the role after ‘successful certification of the A380 in 2006’ (Airbus Management Overview, 2012). I would like to thank Charles Champion on behalf of all employees at Airbus for his exceptional contribution to bring the A380 up to the final stages of certification† Christian Streiff, Airbus CEO stated. Despite Airbus’ appraisal of Charles Champion as project manager, it is evident that many of the project issu es were experienced under his leadership, prior to the certification of the A380. After the step down of Charles Champion, Mario Heinen was in office for only 22 months, and then was transferred into a new area where he managed cross-border division responsible for fuselage and cabins across the Airbus fleet instead. After Heinen’s stint as project manager, Alain Flourens entered the role in July 2008. (New appointments at Airbus, 2008) In addition, Airbus CEO Christian Streiff resigned from his position in October 2006, after only three months in the position, only three days after the announcement of the third delay to the project, amounting to a total of two years’ delay (Streiff Resigns, 2006). This continual change in leadership impacted on the project in a negative capacity. The constant change in leadership meant that ideas and project direction were constantly diverted, and as a result the project suffered considerably. There seems to be no evidence of management risk mitigation strategies in place in the A380 project, a vital factor in the project management life cycle. Management risk mitigation has been implemented successfully in other airline projects, such as the Boeing 787 project where issues with supply chain management were mitigated by employing a new staff member with considerable supply chain management expertise (Tang amp; Zimmerman, 2009). Such strategies were lacking in the A380 project. As a result, leadership in the A380 project posed a threat to the success of the project. It would have been advisable to employ a project manager from the start with the proven expertise to carry out such a complex project. This would have resulted in fewer management changes, greater continuity in management and therefore a more successful rollout of the aircraft. 6. 0 Project Success To determine the level of success with the Airbus A380 project, it is possible to assess it against the quadruple constraint of project success. The quadruple constraint deals with core areas of project success, which can be identified in terms of success or failure. Image B: The quadruple constraints of project success. Having examined all four aspects of the diagram, it is immediately noticeable how unsuccessful the project has become. 6. 1 Budget Projects must meet budgeted allowances in order to use resources as efficiently as possible (Pinto, 2013). The budget blew out of proportion from the very start. In 2004, Airbus admitted that the project was running â‚ ¬1. 45 billion over budget (A380 Over Budget, 2004). More recently, the project has cost several billion euros more than its original budget of â‚ ¬12 billion (Airbus Cost Cuts, 2012). The A380 project has not stayed within budget guidelines. Budgeting contingencies should have been applied to this project, as budget contingencies symbolise the recognition that project cost estimates are just that: estimates. (Pinto, 2013) 6. 2 Client Acceptance For the project to be deemed successful, the client or customer must accept the product and be satisfied. It can be said that client acceptance has not been positive, since many airlines cancelled their orders after more lengthy delay announcements. All 27 of the freighter orders have been cancelled, apart from Emirates who instead converted their two orders for freighters into passenger-based models. Client acceptance hasn’t been positive either, as many airlines have cancelled their orders for the airplane. Despite these setbacks, as problems continue to be rectified and more A380s are delivered into service, it is likely that client acceptance will increase. 6. 3 Schedule Projects are constrained by a specified time frame during which they must be completed (Pinto, 2013). For the A380 projects, there was a total of two years’ delay. Firstly in June 2005 there was a six month delay, followed a year later with a six to seven month delay in July 2006. A third round of delays occurred on October 2006 where Airbus announced a year long delay. All these delays added up to a setback of about two years, compared with original delivery dates (More Delays for A380, 2006). In order for the A380 project to break-even financially, it was initially required to sell 270 aircraft but due to delays, has increased to 420, in 2006 (Heinen, 2006). Part of project success is the ability to deliver the product on or before the established schedule, but for the A380, delivery has come two years late. 6. 4 Performance The next aspect, performance, is how successful the final product really was. The most notable problem was with the Qantas Flight 32, in which an A380 suffered an engine failure which caused the grounding of the rest of the Qantas A380 fleet and other A380s in Lufthansa and Singapore Airlines. To add to this, during repairs to the plane following the Qantas incident, cracks were discovered in fittings within the wings (Waugh, 2012). In February of 2012, checks for the faults were to cover all 68 A380s in service with costs of repairs to be over $130 million, to be paid by Airbus (Boynton, 2012). This fault caused groundings of fleets which highlights the ineffectual performance of the Airbus. As mentioned previously, in time, the A380 will overcome its complications, and its performance in range, fuel efficiency and passenger numbers will be unrivalled. Despite the difficulties faced by the project, the A380 is still a new aircraft with a long future ahead and has the potential to become a great icon for the aviation industry. Conclusion Airbus has successfully manufactured many aircraft types, though none as large or as complex as the A380. The project encountered many difficulties throughout its development life cycle, including leadership and management discord, mismanagement of stakeholders and unsuccessful scheduling of the project timeframes. These issues plagued the project and caused many problems for Airbus, including the cancellation of orders for the aircraft and subsequent loss of revenue and profit. Despite the apparent issues with the project implementation, â€Å"The A380 continues to win new customers and many are coming back with repeat orders. † Mr Leahy added. â€Å"The A380 is a long term programme. Over the next twenty years we see a market of over 1,300 passenger aircraft in the very large aircraft segment. † (Airbus Press Centre, 2011). It is important to note that the majority of the project problems occurred before the certification of the aircraft, and thus it is possible to claim that this project could become a huge aviation pioneering milestone in decades to come. Reference List -A380 Delays, (2006), Retrieved from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/5405524. stm -A380 Over Budget. (2004). Retrieved from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/4097885. stm Airbus Press Centre. (2011) Retrieved from http://www. airbus. com/presscentre/pressreleases/press-release-detail/detail/ilfc-selects-100-a320neo-family-aircraft/ -Airbus management overview. 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